ʻO ka pepa graphite, he ʻano kalapona hou-mea hana ʻia mai ka graphite maoli a i ʻole ka graphite pyrolytic kiʻekiʻe (HOPG) ma o ke kaʻina exfoliation kūikawā a me ke kaomi ʻana. Hoʻohui ia i ka hoʻoili uila maikaʻi loa, ka hoʻoili wela, a me ke kūpaʻa kemika o ka graphite me ka māmā, ka lahilahi, a me ka maʻalahi o ka pepa. ʻAʻole wale kāna hana ʻana i kahi holomua nui i ka ʻepekema waiwai, akā hōʻike pū kekahi i ka hiki ke hoʻohana hohonu i nā kula e like me ka ikehu, uila, a me ke kaiapuni, ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka ʻenehana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike ʻepekema.
1. ʻEpekema ʻepekema ma ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka hana ʻana: Hoʻoponopono ʻia mai ka Micro a i ka Macro.
Hōʻike mua ʻia ka manaʻo ʻepekema o ka pepa graphite i kāna synergy kūʻokoʻa ma waena o nā microstructure a me nā waiwai macroscopic. ʻO nā mea graphite kuʻuna ma ka nui a i ʻole ka pauka, e paʻakikī iā lākou e hoʻopili pololei i nā noi e koi ana i ka māmā a me ka maʻalahi. Eia nō naʻe, ma ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā microsheets graphite (e mālama mau ana i ke ʻano o nā papa kalapona i hoʻohuihui ʻia sp²), loaʻa i ka pepa graphite ke kūkulu ʻia -nui kea mai ʻelua-nā pepa nano a hiki i ka macroscopic continuum. ʻO kona mānoanoa maʻamau he 0.05-1mm wale nō, a ʻo kona mānoanoa ma kahi o 2.1-2.3g/cm³ (kokoke i ka mānoanoa kumu o ka graphite). Eia nō naʻe, ke kaena nei ʻo ia i ka -hoihoi wela ma ka mokulele o 1000-3000 W/(m·K) (hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka graphene one-layer), kahi conductivity uila o 10⁵-10⁶ S/m (kokoke i ka 80% o ke keleawe), a me ka inertness kemika maikaʻi loa (ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka waikawa a me ka alkali). ʻO kēia hui pū ʻana o ka māmā, ka conductivity kiʻekiʻe, a me ke kūpaʻa e lanakila ai i nā kālepa hana kūlohelohe o nā mea kuʻuna, e hāʻawi ana i kumu kumu kumu no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia hoʻokele wela i ka lawe ʻana i ka ikehu a me ka pono o ka conductivity uila maʻalahi i nā mea uila.
2. ʻO ka hana hou i loko o ka ʻoihana ikehu: ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka mālama wela a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu
E kūʻē i ke kua o ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana i ka ʻenehana ikehu, ʻike nui ʻia ka waiwai nui o ka pepa graphite i ka hoʻokele wela. Me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o nā mea mana kiʻekiʻe-e like me 5G base station chips and new energy vehicle batteries), ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka hana a me nā hanana palekana i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka wela o ka ʻāina i lilo i bottleneck nui. ʻO ka pepa graphite, me kona -kiʻekiʻe loa i ka -plane thermal conductivity, e hoʻokele pono i ka wela ma ke ʻano i manaʻo ʻia (no ka laʻana, ʻo ka hoʻoili wela ma ke ala e kū pono ana i ka interlayer ma kahi o 10 W/(m·K) wale nō), ʻoiai hiki iā ia ke piʻi i kekahi mau tausani ma ka -ʻaoʻao mokulele). Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia i nā ʻāpana hoʻoheheʻe wela wela (e like me ka graphite heat dissipation film ma Tesla's 4680 battery) a ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe wela no nā chips LED. Hōʻike nā ʻikepili hoʻokolohua ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi papa paʻa pepa graphite i nā modula pākahi lithium hiki ke hōʻemi i ka wela kiʻekiʻe i ka wā o ka hoʻouka ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana e 15-20 degere a hoʻonui i ke ola pōʻai ma o 30%.
He mea koʻikoʻi ka pepa graphite i nā mea mālama ikehu. Ma ke ʻano he mea electrode maʻalahi no nā supercapacitors, ʻo kona conductivity kiʻekiʻe e hōʻemi ana i ke kūpaʻa interfacial (ma luna o 50% haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā electrodes carbon activated kuʻuna). Hāʻawi kona ʻano papa i nā ala diffusion ʻelua -dimensional diffusion wikiwiki no nā ion (e like me Li⁺ a me Na⁺), e hiki ai i ka mea hana ke mālama ma luna o 90% o kona capacitance mua ʻoiai ke pio. 'O ka mea nui aku, hiki i ka pepa graphite ke lawelawe ma ke 'ano he pani kāko'o no nā membrane electrolyte pa'a -state. Hiki i ka hana ʻana o ka ʻili (e like me ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā pūʻulu sulfonic acid) hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā ion lithium i loko o nā pā hao lithium metala, kaohi i ka ulu ʻana o ka dendrite, a pēlā e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka palekana pākaukau.
3. Hoʻoikaika i nā ʻenehana uila a me nā ʻenehana Sensing: He Mea Kihi no nā Electronic Flexible
Me ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o nā mea uila maʻalahi (e like me nā sensor hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me nā pale paʻi foldable), ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō i kēia mau koi ma muli o ko lākou brittleness a me ka hiki ʻole. ʻO nā waiwai ʻelua o ka pepa graphite ʻo ka maʻalahi a me ka conductivity e lilo ia i mea ʻokoʻa maikaʻi loa: hiki iā ia ke pale aku ma luna o 10⁵ piʻo (me ka radius curvature ma lalo o 1mm) me ka nalowale o ka conductivity, a hiki ke hana ʻia i kekahi ʻano ma o ka mīkini maʻalahi (e like me ke ʻoki a me ke kuʻi ʻana). No ka laʻana, i loko o nā mea ʻike hoʻopaʻapaʻa maʻalahi, ua hui ʻia ka pepa graphite me nā polymers elastic, e hoʻohana ana i kona naʻau i nā hoʻololi ʻana i ke kūpaʻa uila me ke kānana (me ka coefficient sensitivity (GF) o 5–10), e hiki ai ke nānā pono -kiʻekiʻe i nā deformation minuke (e like me ka pulse kanaka a me ka neʻe hui). Ma ke kahua o ka ʻili uila, hiki i nā mea ʻike ma ka pepa graphite- ke hana paʻa ma luna o ka laulā wela o -20 degere a hiki i ka 150 degere, e hāʻawi ana i ke kākoʻo ʻenehana koʻikoʻi no nā manaʻo hoʻomaʻamaʻa ma nā robots biomimetic.
4. Waiwai Pono i loko o ka ʻEpekema Kaiapuni a Hoʻomau
Hoʻopili pū ka manaʻo ʻepekema o ka pepa graphite i ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni. ʻO kāna mea maka, ka graphite, he mea kalapona nui i loaʻa i loko o ka ʻōpala o ka Honua (ʻoi aku ka nui o nā waihona graphite kūlohelohe honua ma mua o 300 miliona mau tona). Eia kekahi, hiki i ke kaʻina hana ke hana hou i nā electrodes graphite ʻōpala (e like me nā mea mai ka hana kila), e loaʻa ai ka hoʻohana hou ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai, e like me nā loina o ka kemika ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Eia kekahi, ʻo ke ʻano porous o ka pepa graphite (hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia kona porosity ma o ke kaʻina hana hoʻemi hoʻemi ʻana o ka oxidation{4}}) hiki iā ia ke hōʻike i ka hana adsorption maikaʻi loa no nā mea haumia e like me nā ion metala kaumaha a me nā wai kala. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua hiki i ka pepa graphite hoʻohana ʻia ʻo amino -hiki ke loaʻa ka mana adsorption o 280 mg/g no Pb²⁺, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ko ke kalapona hoʻōla (ma kahi o 100 mg/g). I ka wā lō'ihi, ma ke 'ano he 'ano kalapona -mea hana, hā'awi ka pepa graphite i kahua mea hou no nā 'enehana "carbon-carbon" (e like me ka carbon dioxide adsorption a me ka ho'ololi 'ana) no ka loa'a 'ana o ka carbon neutrality.
ʻAʻole ʻo ke koʻikoʻi ʻepekema o ka pepa graphite wale nō ma kāna hana holomua akā i kāna kuleana ma ke ʻano he "mea alahaka," e hoʻopili ana i nā noiʻi kumu a me nā noi ʻenekinia: mai ka hōʻike ʻana i nā ʻano hui o nā mea kalapona -dimensional ʻelua ma ka microscale a hiki i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā mea hou i ka ikehu, uila, a me nā ʻenehana kaiapuni ma ka macroscale. Me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā kaʻina hana hoʻomākaukau (e like me ka ulu pololei ʻana o ka pepa graphite nui -area me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mahuhu kemika (CVD)) a me nā holomua hou i ka hoʻolālā hana (e like me ka modulation o ka hale uila ma ka doping me ka nitrogen a i ʻole boron atoms), ua manaʻo ʻia ka pepa graphite e hoʻomau i ka hoʻonui ʻana i kona mau palena noi a lilo i hoʻokahi o nā kumu kumu nui e kākoʻo ana i ka ʻEhā.
